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1. Discuss the theme and powers of darkness in Lady Anne Finch, the Duchess of Winchilsea’s poem about her nighttime walk in the countryside.

[nɑkˋtɝn!]

Stars are a nocturnal sight.

The owl is a nocturnal bird.

In such a night, when every louder wind
Is to its distant cavern safe confined;                                     [ˋkævɚn]a large CAVE 大洞穴
And only gentle Zephyr fans his wings,                                [ˋzɛfɚ]
And lonely Philomel, still waking, sings;                               [ˋfɪlə͵mɛl] 【詩】夜鶯
Or from some tree, famed for the owl's delight,
She, hollowing clear, directs the wand'rer right:
In such a night, when passing clouds give place,
Or thinly veil the heav'ns' mysterious face;
When in some river, overhung with green,
The waving moon and trembling leaves are seen;
When freshened grass now bears itself upright,
And makes cool banks to pleasing rest invite,
Whence springs the woodbind, and the bramble-rose,
And where the sleepy cowslip sheltered grows;             【美】驢蹄草  黃花九輪草；弗吉尼亞黃花九輪草；流星花屬植物 a small European wild plant with sweet smelling yellow flowers
Whilst now a paler hue the foxglove takes,                      a tall plant with many bell-shaped flowers 毛地黃  指頂花
Yet checkers still with red the dusky brakes
When scattered glow-worms, but in twilight fine,
Shew trivial beauties watch their hour to shine;
Whilst Salisb'ry stands the test of every light,
In perfect charms, and perfect virtue bright:
When odors, which declined repelling day,
Through temp'rate air uninterrupted stray;
When darkened groves their softest shadows wear,
And falling waters we distinctly hear;
When through the gloom more venerable shows
Some ancient fabric, awful in repose,
While sunburnt hills their swarthy looks conceal,
And swelling haycocks thicken up the vale:
When the loosed horse now, as his pasture leads,
Comes slowly grazing through th' adjoining meads,
Whose stealing pace, and lengthened shade we fear,
Till torn-up forage in his teeth we hear:
When nibbling sheep at large pursue their food,
And unmolested kine rechew the cud;                             [kaɪn]雌牛   food that a cow has eaten, swallowed, and brought back into its mouth to eat a second time 反芻的食物
When curlews cry beneath the village walls,                      [ˋkɝlju]【鳥】麻鷸[ㄩˋ]
And to her straggling brood the partridge calls;                [ˋpɑrtrɪdʒ]松雞   鷓鴣[ㄓㄜˋㄍㄨ] 山鶉  [ㄕㄢㄔㄨㄣˊ]  a fat bird with a short tail which is shot for sport and food
Their shortlived jubilee the creatures keep,                           [ˋdʒub!i]  a silver jubilee 二十五週年紀念 a day of jubilee 喜慶日
Which but endures, whilst tyrant man does sleep;
When a sedate content the spirit feels,                                    [sɪˋdet] peaceful, ordinary, and not very exciting 安靜的﹐安詳的
And no fierce light disturbs, whilst it reveals;
But silent musings urge the mind to seek
Something, too high for syllables to speak;
Till the free soul to a composedness charmed,                       [kəmˋpozədnɪs]鎮靜；沉著
Finding the elements of rage disarmed,
O'er all below a solemn quiet grown,
Joys in th' inferior world, and thinks it like her own:

In such a Night let Me abroad remain,
Till Morning breaks, and All's confus'd again;

Our cares, our toils, our clamors are renewed,                       The clamor of the traffic gave me a headache. They made a clamor for reform. The starving crowd are clamoring for food.
Or pleasures, seldom reached, again pursued.

http://www.famousliteraryworks.com/finch_nocturnal_reverie.htm

  Electromagnetic Blaze - Blazy Clouds

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6j8fuvQICI

chew the cud- informal -to think very hard about something before making a decision 【非正式】反覆思考

 chew the cud of sth.

 An ordinary jubilee occurs every twenty-five years.普通大赦年每二十五年輪到一次。

 Poetry written with a Dark theme such as the poem A Nocturnal Reverie by Anne Finch is piece of literature written by the poet in meter or verse expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. The emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as repetition, meter and rhyme are what are commonly used to distinguish Dark poetry from Dark prose. Poems often make heavy use of imagery and word association to quickly convey emotions. A famous example of Dark poetry is the poem A Nocturnal Reverie by Anne Finch.

[͵ɑnə͵mætəˋpiə]

 The structure used in a Dark poem varies with different types of poetry and can be seen in the above example of the poem A Nocturnal Reverie by Anne Finch. The structural elements might include the line, couplet, strophe and stanza. Poets and Dark Poetry combine the use of language and a specific structure to create an imaginative and expressive poem such as A Nocturnal Reverie by Anne Finch. The structure used in Dark Poetry types are also used when considering the visual effect of a finished poem.

[ˋstrofɪ] （古希臘）歌舞隊從右向左行的隊形旋轉；旋轉時候唱的歌

 What is Pre-Romantic about the theme in A Nocturnal Reverie by Anne Finch

 [sɪˋʒʊrə]technical -a pause in the middle of a line of poetry 【術語】〔一行詩中間的〕停頓

 [dɪˋkorəm]observe decorums 恪守禮節  levity not in keeping with decorum 與端莊穩重不協調的輕浮

  Augustan descriptions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustan_literature

 the choice and use of words and phrases to express meaning, especially in literature or poetry 〔尤指文學或詩歌中的〕措詞﹐遣詞用字

 The discreet use of metonymy enhances the beauty of the language and makes it lyrically dulcet ( Whilst Salisb 'ry stands the Test of every Light here `Salisb 'ry ' stands for the Countess of Salisbury and hence , this metonymy suggests part for the whole )

http://www.mightystudents.com/essay/Nocturnal.Reverie.poem.133122

[məˋtɑnəmɪ]轉喻

It was a discreet apartment in a quiet street.  樸素的，不引人注意的 He made a discreet reply.  謹慎的，慎重的，考慮周到的

 dulcet  literary -dulcet sounds are soft and pleasant to hear 【文】〔聲音〕悅耳的﹐輕柔的﹐動聽的

Salisbury  [ˋsɔlzbərɪ]  索爾茲伯里市（辛巴威共和國首都）

http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/question;_ylt=A3eg.w.KcWtU5VcAhpN9rolQ?qid=1007061409342

用這個方法，就不會洩漏已死國王乞求他保守的秘密。亞瑟驕傲的站在岩石上，沒有覺察到他與生具來的能力，優雅的拔出岩石中的劍。之後，亞瑟被加冕為英國國王。又娶了古妮佛小姐為皇后。他也以擁有眾多妻妾聞名於世。有些人說他在6世紀時統治英國，也有些人不這麼認為。大多數人同意他是永不被遺忘的亞瑟王。當亞瑟王死去時，留給後人的是一個傳奇故事。亞瑟王在現在稱作Salisbury索爾茲伯里平原的地方承受最後致命的一擊，他的身軀被一艘魔法船帶往Avalon亞華隆島。在那裡，他等待英國再次喚回「過去和未來的國王」。

https://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/question;_ylt=A3eg.w.KcWtU5VcAhZN9rolQ?qid=1004121801288 英國(Salisbury)的巨石 - Stonehenge

In such a Night let Me abroad remain, / Till Morning breaks, and All's confus'd again;

Our Cares, our Toils, our Clamours are renew'd, / Or Pleasures, seldom reach'd, again pursu'd. (47-50)

            In the shadow of night, the “cares” and “toils” of a woman are suppressed against their responsibilities to husband and society. In the morning, women are “pursu’d” as a sexual icon rather than accepted as an equal contributor to society.   

The Answer (To Pope’s Impromptu)

Yet soothe the ladies, I advise / As me to pride you’ve wrought; /

We're born to wit, but to be wise / By admonitions taught. (33-36)

            Finch directs society and women to oppose the norms, thus attaining equality for women writers.

Became Countess

Anne Finch became Countess of Winchilsea upon the sudden and unexpected death of Charles Finch on August 4, 1712. As Charles Finch had no children, his uncle Heneage Finch became the Earl of Winchilsea, making Anne the Countess. However, the titles came with a cost. The Finches had to assume Charles Finch's financial and legal burdens. The issues were eventually settled in the Finches' favor in 1720, but not before the couple had endured nearly seven years of emotional strain.

During this period, Heneage and Anne Finch faced renewed strains resulting from court politics. When Queen Anne died in 1714, she was succeeded by George I. Subsequently, a Whig government, which was hostile to the Jacobite cause, rose to power. Further, the Jacobite rebellion, which took place in Scotland in 1715, further aggravated the tense political situation. The Finches became greatly concerned about their safety, especially after a friend, Matthew Prior, who shared their political sympathies, was sent to prison.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Anne_Finch_countess_of_Winchilsea.aspx

Poetry of the night: Nocturne

Since the Renaissance period, night and the nocturne have revoked the classical, medieval and biblical notions of the night being oppressive and evil to one that suggests the night to be a period of beauty and solace. This revolution in the perception of the night, instigated in the fourteenth century by The Royal Charter (which banned night walkers with their suggestions of criminality) shifted to the night’s presentation as a place of solitude through the Renaissance Italian and Dutch painters pictorial presentation of night scenery. The reinvention of the nocturne to portray the night as a wondrous place of privacy is most evidently portrayed in Anne Finch’s A Nocturnal Reverie, written in the wake of the seventeenth century.

Till the free soul to a composedness charmed,
Finding the elements of rage disarmed,
O’er all below a solemn quiet grown,
Joys in th’ inferior world, and thinks it like her own:
In such a night let me abroad remain,
Till morning breaks, and all’s confused again;

This poem considers the night to be a temporal refuge from the anxieties and confusion of the diurnal world. The poem highlights the sounds, sights and smells of the night, bringing an awe to the ordinary, natural sights that go unnoticed in the vibrant and pulsating vigor of the day.

Coleridge’s ‘Frost at Midnight’ further brings to light these themes in the eighteenth century as part of the Graveyard poet’s movement. Coleridge’s poetry suggests the night to be a moment for regeneration and replenishment. Furthermore he uses the imagery of the moon, a major motif of nocturnal poetry, ‘quietly shining to the quiet moon’ to connote a numiniousity to the night; the moon suggests God’s presence, much like a solacing nocturnal sun. Keat’s Ode to a Nightingale further uses this motif but conversely uses pagan references ‘the Queen-Moon” who is ‘clustered around by all her starry Fays’ to give numinous associations to the night.

Keat’s nocturne uses the imagery of the nightingale to provide insight in the properties of the night. The invisibility of the nightingale is central to the poem, for the bird is heard but never seen which adds to the birds associations with spiritual value. Furthermore, Keat’s experience of disappearing, the speaker ‘cannot see what flowers are at [his] feet’ emulates the more gothic themes of death, slipping into ‘the world unseen’. Perhaps the nocturnal is not related simply to the night’s ability to hide and cloak but more so it’s mirroring of the properties of death. This interpretation, in relation to the Renaissance concept of night as a escape from the anxieties of life brings a reliving quality to death. Keat’s nocturne offers a Romantic version of fuga mundi (flight from this world) in which it’s woodland setting offers an escape from the industrial world. Keat’s nocturnal imagery suggests not only a need to flee from the industrial world but even the rural world. Nature, darkness and death are therefore levels of solace in which the speaker seeks to hide.

‘A poet is a nightingale who sits in darkness and sings to cheer its own solitude with sweet sounds’ – Shelley

http://www.tellmethetruthaboutpoetry.co.uk/blog/poetry-of-the-night-nocturne

http://quizlet.com/10391640/brit-lit-quiz-one-flash-cards/